The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

不同谷子品种氮素吸收与利用差异的研究

通过盆栽试验和大田栽培试验相结合的方法,对赤峰主栽谷子品种在低氮胁迫下氮素吸收及利用效率的差异进行了系统研究.盆栽试验结果表明:赤谷6号、赤谷8号、赤谷9号低氮胁迫下根长较施氮处理显著增长;赤谷5号、赤谷6号、赤谷9号耐低氮胁迫能力较强;赤谷10号氮利用率最为稳定;赤谷5号、赤谷6号耐低氮指数大.赤谷5号在农艺性状和氮累积量及耐低氮指数均表现出较好的耐低氮胁迫能力.大田栽培试验表明:赤谷6号和赤谷8号耐低氮胁迫能力较强.谷子出苗至抽穗期受低氮胁迫的影响较抽穗至成熟期更为敏感.谷子全生育期中,低氮胁迫对拔节期株高的影响较大;抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期的干物质累积量对低氮胁迫影响较大.穗部相关农艺性状较其他农艺性状而言较易受到低氮胁迫影响.穗部性状中,穗长相对于其他性状对低氮胁迫影响较为迟钝,其他性状较为敏感;对低氮胁迫敏感的指标可作为谷子耐低氮能力评价指标.综合盆栽试验与大田栽培试验结果表明,赤谷5号、赤谷6号、赤谷8号这3个品种耐低氮能力强,适于在赤峰地区相对贫瘠的土壤种植.     

食用菌多糖抗运动疲劳研究进展

采用文献资料法对食用菌多糖抗运动疲劳的研究进展情况进行了研究。结果表明:食用菌多糖提取方法不同而食用菌多糖的提取率也不相同,超声波法+复合酶法及微波法提取食用菌多糖提取率较高,2种方法科学合理的结合提取食用菌多糖以及不同产地、品种和不同部位提取率是未来学者们需要研究的领域;目前,只是对极少部分食用菌多糖抗运动疲劳进行了研究,研究对象(动物)、模型、指标、评价单一而没有确定最佳剂量的时间而没确定的量。为此,提出了未来应加强和重视食用菌多糖抗疲劳运动多食用菌、多对象(尤其是人)、多模型、多指标、多评价、最佳剂量的研究以及量-效、构-效关系的研究建议。     

内蒙古草原家庭牧场可持续发展研究

内蒙古草原作为全球干旱、半干旱区的重要组成部分，是诸多研究关注的热点区域。家庭牧场作为内蒙古草原基本的生产和管理单元，探析其可持续发展有助于为实现区域可持续发展提供科学依据。本研究阐述了内蒙古草原家庭牧场的形成历程及定义；并分别侧重自然生态系统、社会经济系统、自然-经济-社会复合生态系统3个方面总结了其研究进展；最后分别在坚持草牧业发展理念、依托景观可持续性科学指导、加强3个界面耦合研究、扩展沙地草原、关注未来发展模式、重视技术支撑等6个方面就内蒙古草原家庭牧场进行了研究展望。希望本研究在为内蒙古草原可持续发展提供科学支撑的同时，亦能为全球干旱、半干旱草原区的可持续发展提供参考。     

雪山草鸡感染传染性法氏囊病病毒新型变异株的鉴定

传染性法氏囊病病毒(infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)新型变异株正在我国广泛蔓延,给商品肉鸡群和蛋鸡群带来了新的威胁。本研究对一个疑似发生非典型传染性法氏囊病的地方品种雪山草鸡群进行了RT-PCR检测,并对分离的3株毒株进行了基因测序及序列分析。结果显示,引起该鸡群发病的病原是IBDV新型变异株,属于A2dB1基因型;这3个毒株的VP2高变区编码蛋白上含有IBDV变异株的特征性氨基酸,也具有IBDV新型变异株的独特氨基酸。结果提示,我国地方品种鸡群中也有IBDV新型变异株的流行,现有的部分商品化IBDV疫苗已不能有效预防IBDV新型变异株的流行。     

黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程观察

为明确黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在甘蓝型油菜叶片和茎中的侵染及扩展过程，利用绿色荧光蛋 白（GFP）标记的黑胫病菌株接菌油菜叶片，利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察菌株在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程。结果 表明，接种油菜叶片7 h后，分生孢子萌发并长出芽管；17 h后，芽管侵入气孔；24 h后，分生孢子全部萌发；36 h后萌 发的芽管形成菌丝；120 h后，菌丝在叶片表皮细胞间隙蔓延，并侵入叶肉细胞。13 d后，菌丝侵入茎部皮层组织； 15 d后，菌丝在皮层细胞间隙蔓延，并侵染至茎表皮；21 d后，菌丝侵染至维管组织；23 d后，菌丝侵染至茎韧皮部； 25 d后，茎导管被侵染，并向木质部扩展。本研究发现的L. biglobosa 在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程，可为油菜与黑 胫病菌互作的研究、黑胫病致病机理及防治提供参考。     

长江中下游地区棉花涝灾渍害预防及灾后管理技术

针对我国长江中下游地区因梅雨季节阴雨时间长、降水量大而集中常常引发涝灾和造成棉花渍害的现象,总结提出了一系列棉花防涝防渍及灾后田间管理技术措施与要求,以期为长江中下游地区棉农提供技术指导,促进当地棉花产业的发展和植棉效益的提高。     

葡萄风信子物候期观察与观赏性状分析

对荷兰引进的10个葡萄风信子品种进行露地栽培,对其物候期及观赏性状进行观察与评价.结果表明,引进的10个葡萄风信子品种在苏州地区露地栽培均能正常开花;其中"大微笑""幻想创造""蓝魔法""触雪"等品种适宜在园林中推广与应用.     

玉米茎秆抗倒伏遗传的研究进展

茎秆倒伏严重影响玉米产量、品质和机械化收获,是当前玉米生产和育种亟待解决的主要问题之一。加强对玉米茎秆抗倒伏性的研究,对提高品种抗倒伏能力具有重要意义。本文综述了玉米茎秆倒伏的主要影响因素及其遗传特征。茎秆倒伏与茎秆自身的强度密切相关。茎秆强度越高,抗倒伏性越强。茎秆强度受茎秆所处的发育阶段、茎秆内部结构和外部形态,及其细胞壁成分等影响。处于分生组织的茎秆细胞分裂旺盛,较易折断,而进入生殖生长后,茎秆表皮、厚壁组织增厚,维管束发育成熟,对茎秆的支撑作用增强。茎秆细胞壁的主要成分——纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、可溶性糖、无机物等均可提升茎秆强度。目前,研究者借助高通量表型平台,利用玉米连锁群体和自交系群体,采用各种定位方法,鉴定到一系列影响茎秆形态、强度、细胞壁成分的相关QTL和候选基因。研究表明,基于单倍型的QTL定位方法比基于单个SNP的定位效果好。一致性QTL分析将不同遗传群体的研究整合到一起,能够提高QTL结果的通用性。茎秆强度的遗传基础复杂,受微效多基因控制,位点间具有加性效应。茎秆成分QTL中的候选基因涉及细胞壁代谢、转录因子、蛋白激酶等。MAIZEWALL是玉米细胞壁相关基因的重要数据库。目前该数据库包含1 156个玉米细胞壁生物学相关的候选基因,为该领域的深入研究提供强大的资源。已鉴定到一系列影响玉米茎秆细胞壁成分、茎秆形态和强度的基因,其功能涉及纤维素合成路径,如纤维素合成酶类、Cobra类、糖基转移酶和核糖转运蛋白类;苯丙烷路径基因,如控制bm1—bm5的相关基因;植物激素类,如赤霉素、生长素、油菜素甾醇相关基因;转录因子如NAC、MYB;miRNA（ZmmiR528）以及F-box基因（stiff1）等。今后应积极探索不同发育时期玉米茎秆倒伏的力学机制;广泛发展自然群体或育种群体进行遗传分析;采取多种定位策略,提高抗倒伏相关基因鉴定的功效;针对优良等位基因,开发各类分子标记,加强抗倒伏分子标记辅助选择。本文将为玉米茎秆抗倒伏遗传机制解析及抗倒伏玉米品种的分子育种提供参考。